11.3: The kidney and osmoregulation

key vocabulary

prior learning & retrieval practice

A1: Consequences of dehydration and overhydration.

Exercise 1: Outline the consequences of having too much water in the body/cell (overhydration) and having too little water in the body/cell (dehydration)

Essential idea: All animals excrete nitrogenous waste products and some animals also balance water and solute concentrations.

U1: Animals are either osmoregulators or osmoconformers.

Exercise 2: Define the terms osmoconformer and osmoregulator. Give an example of each.

U2: The Malpighian tubule system in insects and the kidney carry out osmoregulation and removal of nitrogenous wastes.

Exercise 3: Complete the quizlet learn diagram below

A2: Treatment of kidney failure by hemodialysis or kidney transplant.

A3: Blood cells, glucose, proteins and drugs are detected in urinary tests.

Exercise 4: How is kidney function deduced in urinary tests and how is kidney failure treated?

S1: Drawing and labelling a diagram of the human kidney.

Exercise 5: Complete the quizlet learn diagram below

S2: Annotation of diagrams of the nephron.

Guidance:

• The diagram of the nephron should include glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule; the relationship between the nephron and the collecting duct should be included.

Exercise 6: Complete the quizlet learn diagram below

U3: The composition of blood in the renal artery is different from that in the renal vein.

U4: The ultrastructure of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule facilitate ultrafiltration.

U5: The proximal convoluted tubule selectively reabsorbs useful substances by active transport.

U6: The loop of Henle maintains hypertonic conditions in the medulla.

U7: ADH controls reabsorption of water in the collecting duct.

Guidance:

• ADH will be used in preference to vasopressin.

Exercise 7: Explain how the nephron filters out nitrogenous waste, balances blood composition and osmoregulates.

NoS: Curiosity about particular phenomena—investigations were carried out to determine how desert animals prevent water loss in their wastes. (1.5)

U8: The length of the loop of Henle is positively correlated with the need for water conservation in animals.

Exercise 8: Outline how the length of the loop of henle relates to the habitat an animal lives in? What does this suggest about the role of natural selection in changing the length of the loop of henle?

U9: The type of nitrogenous waste in animals is correlated with evolutionary history and habitat.

Exercise 9: Outline how the type of nitrogenous waste in animals is correlated with evolutionary history and habitat? What does this indicate about the development of the different classes of vertebrates?